Technical Guidance Notes (Level 1)

该机构前董事的系列介绍：工程技术服务，莎拉·弗雷（Sarah Fray）。

An introduction to the core design concepts found within current UK codes of practice.

Dead loads (permanent actions) are defined as the weight of static materials contained with a structure. This includes the self weight of the structure as well as the fixed materials it is supporting.

Imposed loads (quasi-permanent variable actions) are defined as loads that are applied to the structure.

Updated October 2016.

There are several variations and conditions the designer must be aware of when determining wind loads on structures. Based onEUROCODE 1：第1-4部分的结构行动；一般行动 - 风能, this note draws on the UK National Annex as it makes reference to wind speeds that are unique to the UK.

There are several variations and conditions the designer must be aware of when determining snow loads onto structures. Based onEurocode 1: Actions on Structures Part 1-3; General Actions – Snow Loadsthis note draws on the UK National Annex as it makes reference to projected snow falls that are typical in the UK.

Updated October 2016.

名义负载（等效水平力）是由于其构造过程中引入到结构中引入的不正确和缺陷而导致的载荷。本说明说明了如何将概念的横向负载合并到设计过程中。

Updated October 2016.

本说明涉及施加在屏障的侧向载荷以及车轴载荷的车辆载荷。

It is essential for structural engineers to be able to express their ideas clearly through their designs. This note describes two common techniques used to draw in three dimensions.

本说明涉及对通常由土壤产生的保留结构的负载的评估。这些力主要在固定壁结构的设计期间发挥作用，但也可以在水含水结构和储藏容器中找到。

Updated October 2016.

本说明解释了采用的各种方法，以确保结构中的横向稳定性和鲁棒性。

本说明是对地板振动评估的介绍 - 设计过程中经常被忽略的方面。地板振动可能会导致昂贵的补救措施，因为由于移动过多而抱怨不适。

Updated October 2016.

该注释分为两个部分；第一个包含钢元素设计师提供的信息，而第二个则包含制造商创建的信息，以制造和构建钢结构。虽然一个人以另一个为食，但细节的水平每组提供的提供的级别是非常不同的，这主要是由于最终结果。一个正在告知钢铁工程的制造，而另一个则集中在其安装上。

在许多情况下，钢筋混凝土图纸比其一般布置对应物更具示意图，并随身携带自己独特的规则和命名法。

本说明不涵盖有关钢筋混凝土细节的规则。

这个注意是一个良好的实践指南for analysing and designing structures. It explains how structures are given form, modelled, analysed and designed. Mention is made of the need to rationalise the analysis process, but not at the expense of an economic design.

Moment distribution is a method by which statically indeterminate structures are analysed elastically. It’s based on the relative stiffness of elements, and shifts bending moments from one section of the structure to another until they become balanced. Once this balance has been achieved, forces and bending moments are modelled.

Updated in October 2016.

Once the concept and scheme design has been determined, initial sizing of elements commences. This note shows how to size elements, prior to detailed design. This process allows the engineer to gain an appreciation of structural form.

This note explains how steel elements are restrained against buckling and what the structural engineer should consider when analysing steel structures with respect to buckling resistance.

One of the most common structural elements, these are normally found in residential properties, but also in medium-sized commercial developments. This note explains the principles behind their design and provides a worked example. In accordance with BS EN 1995-1-1 Eurocode 5:Design of Timber Structures – Part 1-1: General – Common rules and rules for buildings.

Updated in October 2016.

When designing foundations (from a simple pad footing to a pile cap) there is a need to determine the soil's bearing capacity. This note explains the principles of how this is determined, and how it impacts on foundation design.

The twisting of elements within structures due to eccentric loading is best avoided. Such actions develop torsion forces - which the elements were not designed to withstand. This note shows structural engineers how to avoid problems that can lead to significant remedial works and/or failures.

任何子结构的选择形式完全取决于站点调查所显示的内容。通常，在岩土工程师和专家的帮助下，这取决于结构工程师，以确定调查的程度并解释其结果。

This note describes the concept of biaxial bending in columns of any material, as well as the effect direct bending has on column design.

This note describes the different types of pile, the design concepts employed when determining their size and depth, how they are constructed and the various tests that can be carried out to assess a pile's integrity.

本说明描述了如何构建，指定和安装预应力的预制混凝土木板。

本说明讨论了疲劳的概念及其效果如何应对。

在检查新作品或现有结构时，对导致混凝土破解的原因很重要。

The three forms of masonry are brick, concrete block and stone. This note introduces the first two as they are the most common. Used as a form of cladding - at least for concrete and steel-framed structures in the UK - loadbearing structural masonry is still in use, and employed in the construction of low-rise buildings and soil-retaining structures.

This note pays particular attention to partial factors with reference to BS EN 1990: Eurocode –Basis of structural design, to illustrate how extreme events are approached, and explains how the code interprets the application of loads (actions) for such events.

The technology behind post-fix anchors is increasingly complex. This note provides some clarity around the multitude of options that can be presented to a designer required to specify anchors.

An introduction to groundbearing floor slabs, touching on the slabs' reinforcement by considering both historical use of mesh as well as plastic and steel fibre reinfocement methods.

在制定方案时，地板构造的选择对于柱，基础，墙壁和整体稳定性至关重要。因此，应谨慎和考虑选择地板板的形式。

Updated in October 2016.

This note describes the basic knowledge required to read structural drawings.

有关当前正在使用的各种挡土墙的指南。该注释主要与保留土壤的结构有关。

本说明解释了地面和污水的地面排水的基本原理。它描述了可用的不同类型的排水管，它们与结构的安装和接口以及测试和维护。

This note is an introduction to glass as a structural material. It describes glass in terms of its properties, how it reacts when subjected to various forces, and the design methods being explored by structural engineers.