Technical Guidance Note (Level 1, No. 21): How to avoid torsion

The chosen form of any substructure is entirely dependent on what the site investigations reveal. It is typically up to the structural engineer, with the aid of geotechnical engineers and specialists, to determine the extent of this investigation and interpret its results.

Dead loads (permanent actions) are defined as the weight of static materials contained with a structure. This includes the self weight of the structure as well as the fixed materials it is supporting.

在设计基础（从简单的垫子底到桩盖）时，需要确定土壤的承载能力。本说明解释了如何确定这一点的原则以及它如何影响基础设计。