Construction – good and bad
建筑物是一件好事。他们将人们聚在一起，保持温暖，并给他们有用的地方。建筑物将世界提升到了由社会基金会阐明的社会基金会之上甜甜圈经济学to bring life’s essentials to every person on earth. But simultaneously, the construction, operation and destruction of our buildings has been pushing us beyond our planetary boundaries for quite some time now – and this must stop.
不过，我们不能完全停止建设 - 因为我们需要更多的建筑物和基础设施（在世界某些地区比其他地区更多）。因此，相反，我们必须学习如何在最小化环境的损害的同时学习构造。
最终，我们实际上必须开始建造治愈环境的建筑物，而不是简单地损坏环境……但这是另一个帖子的话题。
排放在哪里？
Historically, most of the carbon emissions from buildings have been due to their operation (heating, lighting, cooling, etc). However, this is changing. There are plans for reducing these emissions – electrification, insulation, and generation on site – so the largest contributor to a modern building’s emissions is the materials used in its creation – the embodied carbon.
大多数体现的碳排放量都是由于建筑结构的建造。实际上，混凝土和钢铁行业占全球排放量的15％以上。而且，由于建筑物的结构通常仅包含两三个材料，如果您专注于脱碳，那么您可以很快就可以很快地节省大量碳。
That’s why I believe that the decarbonisation of structures in buildings is one of the most important challenges facing our industry today.
Use less stuff
Most approaches to reducing structural emissions fall into one of two types of action. You can minimise the amount of material that you use (put simply: use less stuff), or you can minimise the amount of carbon released when producing those materials. These also form the two parts of the equation describing embodied carbon emissions:
体现碳=（材料量）×（碳强度系数）
作为建筑设计师，您的优先级是方程式的第一类动作或左侧。您必须推动使用更少的东西。这涉及优先考虑现有建筑库存，然后配置新结构以最大程度地减少材料使用。我们的群体，布局和配置必须提高效率（我们经常需要说服其他人启用这一点），然后我们的设计方法和利用率必须没有“备用脂肪”。
This reduction in material is important, because as a building designer, you have little real opportunity to minimise the carbon intensity factor of your materials through material specification – something I explore further in three audio briefings on钢,具体的and木材.
This is why the image at the top of this page – the IStructE’s Hierarchy of net zero design (influenced by PAS2080) – has so much emphasis on using less stuff. This is where most structural engineers have influence and impact, and so this is where the focus should be.
Materials decarbonisation
而设计工程师应该关注using less stuff, material decarbonisation remains an important topic. If you’re reading this as a materials researcher, scientist, producer or R&D investor, then this bit applies to you!
If we are to help deliver a 1.5°C future, then the emissions due to structures in buildings (which I believe to be nearly 10% of all global emissions) need to be halved by the year 2030, and reduce to zero by 2050.
Engineers can reduce the emissions in their structures by a small amount pretty easily (less overdesign), and can start to make some significant reductions with the right architectural backing. I reckon that a 50% reduction compared to business-as-usual is even possible if the client demands it, and when the whole design and construction team pull together.
但是，有50％的人只能让我们进入2030年。我们如何继续对零轨迹？为此，我们需要低碳材料。