沟通的定义
The imparting and exchanging of information verbally, in hardcopy and by digital media. The information may comprise messages, reports, letters, sketches, drawings, or a combination of these.
The starting point
我们构建的一切都有目的。
The purpose and the user requirements must be defined and documented at the outset. Ideally, the end user would be party to this process, but in many cases the end user is not defined until later, so the promoter of the project must determine the requirements. The term used here to describe either, or both, parties is Client. Inexperienced Clients may need assistance from the design/construction team to derive the user requirements. Mutual understanding at that stage can be a great positive.
The requirements must be documented to unambiguously inform the design and the construction. This document will become the reference which steers all the processes from inception, through design and construction, culminating in handover and use.
The document must be available to all parties involved, in a form which can readily be interpreted. It must include a change management process to capture the evolution of the requirements and to facilitate change control. This is useful particularly when the end user input occurs later in the process.
客户将在用户需求中获得他们所列出的内容。这可能是详细说明其用户要求的性能规范，而不是技术建筑规范。他们需要清楚这一点。他们还需要了解有关可以交付的内容以及更改对需求的含义的任何限制和局限性。
高级沟通
The key to good communication is keeping all relevant parties informed accurately and timeously.
The art is not to overburden all the parties with all the information, because the important information will get buried.
The project information systems, such as 4Projects and ViewPoint, which are regularly used to store and control digital data can be very effective, but the data still needs to be accessible and managed efficiently.
在系统上发布的数据的过滤可能是有问题的。每次上传数据时都会建议的所有各方都会导致信息过载。为了克服这一点，当发布与他们相关的数据时，个人通常会诉诸于发送电子邮件，从而贬值系统。
正确使用的是，这些系统确保所有各方都在处理最新信息。
The systems also provide a common means to record the review and sign off documents.
一般沟通
Developing design in the different disciplines contemporaneously has always been a challenge. Spatial coordination can be even more difficult on projects where the MEP (mechanical, electrical and power) design consultants only prepare conceptual designs, the full design being carried out by the specialist contractors.
Shared models are a major step forward in resolving coordination and will become increasingly important with use and further technical development. The topic of BIM is beyond the scope of this article but this Institution指导provides details of BIM and its uses.
沟通不畅
There are many examples of poor communication and how it adversely affects the outcome, these are some of the key ones:
- 设计团队成员之间缺乏设计协调
- Gaps between the main design team and subcontractor designers
- 分包商设计之间的差距
- Poor flow of information from the design team to the contractor
- Misinterpretation of the design intent
- 由于规格不佳而使用的不适当材料
- Designers not communicating the appropriate design risk assessments to the contractor
- 缺乏对设计职责的明确定义
- 沟通不畅of the project risks that impact on cost, program, and quality
Impact of poor communication
发起人和最终用户希望有一个满足其用户需求的结果，并按时安全地交付预算以及他们期望的质量。
沟通不畅jeopardises any, or all, of these aspirations.
Gaps and ambiguities in the documents which are used to procure and execute the project will lead to disputes, which are likely to impact on quality, program and cost.
A common example of a gap is secondary steelwork required to attach cladding. In many cases, the main frame and the cladding contractors are separate entities. They are unlikely to be in conversation about the design at tender stage, and the gaps therefore only become apparent during detailed design. In this example the gaps have the potential to add cost, to cause delay and to lead to a contractual dispute.
当承包商承担设计职责时，至关重要的是要传达和观察总体设计意图。
The collapse of theHyatt skywalkin 1981 is an example of this type of communication failure, which lead to 114 fatalities and many serious injuries. The design intent was for continuous steel ties to support the walkways, the steelwork fabricator installed discontinuous ties. The tie rods tore through the supporting channels leading to a catastrophic collapse.
Clearly the consequences of poor communication can result in a wide spectrum of issues, ranging from minor disputes through to serious financial and health and safety consequences.
Why poor communication occurs and how to improve
基本问题的答案在很大程度上取决于采购方法。
In some design and build contracts the employers requirements simply set out the requirements and may contain no design or specification input. In this scenario, the design responsibility lies entirely with the contractor, so the full coordination of design and communication is potentially easier to manage. However, in this case the user requirements need to be very precise, to ensure that the outcome satisfies the Client’s aspirations. This applies particularly to quality and appearance, both of which can be difficult to define sufficiently.
Often the design team is initially employed by the Promoter/end user to take the design to a point, which may be the RIBA Stage 3 or 4. The team, or parts of the team, are then novated to the contractor and the design is completed under the design and build contract. In this case the Client retains more control over the design, but some find it difficult to accept that after novation the team is working for the contractor. Mistrust can arise, leading to guarded communication.
On projects where the main design is completed by the design team on the Client side, but there are contractor design portions, such as precast concrete elements, detailed MEP and so forth, the risk of gaps between designers can be greater, down to lack of communication. Each interface must be managed to facilitate and monitor the smooth transfer of both information and responsibilities.
答案之一是早期承包商参与设计过程。通常，客户会抵制这一点，因为他们认为它会损害招标过程的商业优势，但事实并非如此。
The construction industry must recognise that designers are good at designing, contractors are good at constructing, but relatively few people are sufficiently able in both disciplines. The competent contractors are selected for the value they can add to the process, drawing on their experience and expertise. These contractors are much more than a resource for plant, labour and materials.
允许所有学科自由思考，自由合作和自由交流至关重要。
Generic tick box processes for design, health and safety, specification and many other parts of construction discourage all of these.
当这些设计，思想，约束和关注点的最佳交流是以简洁的形式列出的，其中清楚地说明了这些信息，而没有被掩盖或掩盖在许多不太重要的单词和数据中。
Andy Leask
安全，健康和福祉面板